Guideline for Developing an Energy Control Plan for Manual Hand Valves in Ammonia Refrigeration Systems- The inadvertent or accidental opening of manual hand valves has been a contributing cause in many ammonia releases and although the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) enacted the control of hazardous energy (lockout/tagout) regulation in 1989 (Title 29 §1910.147), the industry has lacked clarity on how to apply this regulation to manually operated hand valves in an ammonia refrigeration system. Since becoming law, many industries have widely implemented energy control programs, often referred to as lockout/tagout or LOTO programs. Historically, LOTO programs have appropriately focused on hazardous electrical and mechanical energy. This document aims to fill a gap in the industry by describing the best practices for applying LOTO to manual hand valves in ammonia refrigeration systems. IIAR has developed this publication to provide guidance to owners, operators, maintenance personnel, and contractors on applying an energy control plan to manual hand valves in ammonia refrigeration systems. It is a tool to supplement an existing LOTO program relative to manual hand valves.